Chemical principles and applications of those principles to the analysis and understanding of aqueous environmental chemistry in natural waters and wastewaters. The chemistry of ionic equilibria, redox reactions, precipitation/dissolution, acid-base concepts, buffer capacity, complexation, hydrolysis and biological reactions. Applying basic principles of aqueous chemistry for quantifying complex, environmental systems. Specific examples of air-water-soil interactions and consequent effects. Heterogeneous equilibria with more than one solid phase. Kinetics and thermodynamics of some important ionic and biological reactions. Laboratory experiments.